In this work we present some reflections about the interaction of preschool children (between 3 and 5 years old) with sound-producing objects. We implemented the phenomenological approach of Alfred Schutz, who under the influence of Edmund Husserl, elaborated his own notions concerning the Lebenswelt or life-world. We present some situations of interaction with musical instruments by children that have been documented in different research on musical education in early childhood, the same ones we use to exemplify possible analyses from the (...) perspective of the phenomenology of the social world. We conclude with some remarks that conceive of Schutz’s theory as a relevant perspective for the analysis of children’s experiences with sound-producing objects. (shrink)

A tese de Husserl - segundo a qual,os signos haveriamde encarnar nossos pensamentos - forneceuo ponto de partida ao projeto merleau-pontyanode restituição "filosófica" de nosso contato com omundo da percepção. Porquanto seriam gestosinstituídos por nosso corpo, os signos remeteriam a reflexãofilosófica à experiência sensível e, conseqüentemente,ao mundo da percepção revelado por essaexperiência. Mais do que isso, os signos esclareceriam a origemsensível dos pensamentos. O que acabaria porsuspender a própria tese fenomenológica de queos pensamentos seriam o desdobramento dosatos de uma (...) consciência pura. A interpretaçãomerleau-pontyana da teoria fenomenológica daexpressão mostrou que, tal como ôs pensamentos,a consciência de nós mesmos seria tributáriada experiência sensível. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é apontar e analisar os principais fatores que levaram uma pessoa, ou um grupo de pessoas, a assistir um jogo de futebol da Copa do Mundo 2014 em uma FIFA Fan Fest e não em outros locais. Socialização, afetividade e diversão são aspectos considerados na análise. O papel do esporte enquanto produto de entretenimento e consumo também foi contemplado no estudo. O evento, pela proliferação de imagens que proporciona, é exemplo claro do que Guy Debord definiu (...) como Sociedade do Espetáculo. Foram entrevistadas 79 pessoas em duas FIFA Fan Fests realizadas na cidade de São Paulo, em partidas da seleção brasileira na Copa do Mundo 2014. Os resultados obtidos no estudo comprovam a inserção do esporte mais popular do planeta na lógica das modernas estratégias de consumo. Também evidenciam as relações existentes entre o futebol, e seu universo, e a chamada indústria do entretenimento. (shrink)

Entendemos al neoliberalismo como una razón de gobierno, un modo de conducción de conductas que deviene en un proceso de subjetivación a través de diversas tecnologías de intervención sobre los otros y sobre uno mismo. Las transformaciones estructurales que desde el último cuarto del siglo XX se vienen sucediendo en el capitalismo, que implican una creciente flexibilización productiva y laboral, han estado acompañadas de una serie de tecnologías de producción de subjetividad. No podemos admitir tales transformaciones sin, al mismo tiempo, (...) reconocer una nueva producción de subjetividad que las acompañe. La particularidad de las subjetividades que se producen en el capitalismo neoliberal es que son mudables, cambiantes, arriesgadas, desarraigadas, en otras palabras, se requieren sujetos frenéticos, nunca conformes del todo, nunca estáticos. Este frenesí se inscribe en el marco de la competencia como modo de comportamiento, la desigualdad como condición de funcionamiento, y se observa en dos tecnologías específicas: la desobediencia y el fracaso entendido como oportunidad. Trabajamos desde una perspectiva arqueológica-genealógica, nuestro punto de partida es una configuración problemática del presente, pero viéndonos obligados a hurgar en los discursos del pasado con el fin de reconstruir una ontología histórica de nosotros mismos, conjuntamente con el análisis de documentos pertenecientes a organismos públicos y privados internacionales y nacionales. (shrink)

En este artículo explico el problema de la circularidad, tradicionalmente achacado a la metafísica cartesiana, destacando la importancia que, según Descartes, reviste esta cuestión. Argumento que las versiones del cartesianismo que ofrecen algunos de los comentarios más populares, utilizados en lengua castellana (los de Margaret Wilson y John Cottingham), resultan incompatibles con las posiciones que Descartes mantiene en una serie de textos. Teorías de ese corte sólo podrían justificarse por su valor filosófico intrínseco, pero también sostengo que ambas reconstrucciones presentan (...) debilidades conceptuales que las llevan al fracaso, sea como pretendida solución, en el caso de Wilson; o bien como intento por desplazar o disolver el problema central, en el caso de Cottingham. The problem of logical circularity, which traditionally has been blamed on Cartesian metaphysics, was clearly seen by Descartes himself, who moreover advertised its avoidance (or its solution) as a crucial merit of his own philosophy. On this subject two of the most popular commentaries on Descartes -those of Margaret Wilson and John Cottingham, which are widely used in teaching at least in Spanish- are criticized. Some of the objections I set here against both readings are textual in nature, while other ones hinge, as I argue, on their respective conceptual weaknesses. Wilson's proposed solution is shown to the botched, while Cottingham is shown to fail in his attempt to dissolve the problem. (shrink)

The intention in this paper is analyze how and why Pausanias relate the difference with the mythic Orpheus. This will reveal another face of the vast myth of the bard. For this particular research some aspects of Orpheus myth will be studied: place of birth, appearance, legend, magician’s role and his relation with Musaeus and the Eleusinian Mysteries.

O presente ensaio tem por objetivo contribuir com o debate sobre o valor e universalidade da democracia para a emancipação humana. Propõe pensar a compreensão da universalidade da democracia no enfoque abrangente da cultura argumentativa, a partir de Amartya Sen e Jürgen Habermas. Entende que as abordagens metodológicas, pragmática de um e pragmática formal do outro dos autores são complementares. Nesta perspectiva procura demonstrar que a democracia, além de suas raízes institucionais modernas, vincula-se também a expressões culturais da Índia, África (...) e América pré-colombiana. Portanto não é mera expressão de domínio cultural e político ocidental, mas desenvolvimento de uma tendência profunda de governo mediante a discussão e razão pública. O que permite recepcionar de um ponto de vista mais amplo a contribuição do pensamento de Habermas que explicita o nexo interno entre Justiça, Direitos Humanos e Democracia, na perspectiva procedimental de uma esfera pública crítica com uma racionalidade pública que inclui a todos. Apresenta o desenvolvimento das capacidades políticas e sociais, bem como o papel instrumental da democracia, na construção da compreensão dos direitos e da cultura que permitem o aprendizado, a emancipação e o desenvolvimento da própria identidade. (shrink)

O presente ensaio com metodologia de pesquisa reconstrutiva questiona como a interação entre democracia, direitos humanos, justiça e imperativos globais é disposta no pensamento de Habermas. Seu objetivo é a explicitação racional de seus nexos internos. Expõe como Habermas, a partir da reconstrução da esfera pública e agir comunicativo aborda a justiça e o direito. A dialética entre facticidade e validade, entrelaça filosofia e sociologia para desenvolver sua abordagem normativa do direito e do Estado, conectando direito e democracia através do (...) paradigma discursivo do direito. Conecta jurisdição constitucional, direito, política, sociedade civil e esfera pública. (shrink)

The opening strophe of the parodos in Sophocles’ Trachiniae takes the form of a prayer to the sun. Many of its traditional hymnic features have already been noted, but one of them seems to have escaped the attention so far. In some Greek prayers - and in prayers from other Indo-European traditions as well - the appeal for the deity to come or to listen is accompanied by a list of the possible places the god might be in, phrased in (...) the following terms: “whether you are in A or in B or in C…”. In the specific case of the disjunctive clause in the Trachiniae (100-101), it is my contention that Sophocles, by syntactic and structural means, remodels this traditional prayer motif in order to achieve his literary purpose of exalting Heracles by asking of his whereabouts in a language reminiscent of a prayer addressed most properly to a deity. (shrink)

O principal objetivo do presente artigo é discutir o atual estado da questão sobre a etimologia do nome Dioniso. São examinadas as principais propostas a respeito e é sugerida uma ligação, até agora inédita, entre o teônimo e uma das atividades que compõem a esfera de ação de Dioniso -a dança. Nesse sentido, são indicadas ainda passagens no Rig Veda que talvez reforcem o laço já sugerido entre Dioniso e o deus Indra dentro da tradição indoeuropeia. This article aims chiefly (...) to discuss the status quaestionis regarding the etymology of Dionysus. The main theories thereon are analyzed and a new connection is put forward between the name of the god and one of his characteristic activities -dancing. In view of this, some passages of the Rig Veda are pointed out which might strengthen the bond already suggested between Dionysus and the god Indra within the Indo-European tradition. (shrink)

The month name Ἀγαγύλιος is attested in Thessaly and Achaia Phthiotis. Recently, excavations at a Thessalian temple of Apollo in Pythion, at the foot of Olympus, have brought to light numerous ex-votos dedicated to Apollo, Poseidon and to an Artemis whose epiclesis is Agagylaia. Neither the month name nor the epiclesis, which is certainly to be connected with the month name, has yet received an explanation.

Resenha: SANT’ANNA SOBRINHO, José. Terreiros Egúngún: um culto ancestral afro-brasileiro. Salvador: EDUFBA, 2015. 284 p.

El éxodo de más de 5,6 millones de venezolanos representa un fenómeno migratorio con múltiples facetas, cada una merecedora de atento análisis y profundización. Ante la dimensión del movimiento de millones de seres humanos, se corre el riesgo de subestimar tragedias que ocurren dentro del drama migratorio. Una de ellas, es el exilio de científicos y académicos. Bajo esta perspectiva, la investigación tiene como objetivo general mostrar la banalización frente al riesgo de pérdida de talento y avance científico de países (...) en vías de desarrollo. Tomamos como objeto de estudio el caso de la Diáspora Científica Venezolana. Se abordan de forma multidisciplinar tres ejes temáticos: 1) Causas y consecuencias de la Ciencia en Riesgo, 2) Instrumentalización de la Ciencia en Riesgo y 3) Efectividad de programas dirigidos a científicos en riesgo. El primer eje temático, está fundamentado en analizar las causas y consecuencias de la Diáspora científica venezolana, centrándonos en los estudios realizados, desde el ámbito sociológico, de Iván de la Vega, Francisco Kerdel-Vegas y Tomás Páez. El segundo eje establece, desde el marco filosófico habermasiano-marcusiano, la conveniente preservación del statu quo de la Ciencia en riesgo, a través de instrumentalización y unidimensionalidad del quehacer científico en países en vías de desarrollo por parte de programas internacionales financiados por organismos privados y gubernamentales. El tercer y último enfoque tiene como punto de partida la situación actual de la diáspora científica y la exposición de soluciones eficaces que rompan la inercia presente, enmarcando las ideas dentro de la actual crisis de la posmodernidad. Palabras Claves: diáspora venezolana, instrumentalización, ciencia, riesgo. (shrink)

The theory of chemical symbiosis suggests that biological systems started with the collaboration of two polymeric molecules existing in early Earth: nucleic acids and peptides. Chemical symbiosis emerged when RNA-like nucleic acid polymers happened to fold into 3D structures capable to bind amino acids together, forming a proto peptidyl-transferase center. This folding catalyzed the formation of quasi-random small peptides, some of them capable to bind this ribozyme structure back and starting to form an initial layer that would produce the larger (...) subunit of the ribosome by accretion. TCS suggests that there is no chicken-and-egg problem into the emergence of biological systems as RNAs and peptides were of equal importance to the origin of life. Life has initially emerged when these two macromolecules started to interact in molecular symbiosis. Further, we suggest that life evolved into progenotes and cells due to the emergence of new layers of symbiosis. Mutualism is the strongest force in biology, capable to create novelties by emergent principles; on which the whole is bigger than the sum of the parts. TCS aims to apply the Margulian view of biology into the origins of life field. (shrink)

El presente escrito tiene por objeto tematizar la colonialidad del ser en el sur-global. Para ello, se identifican, por una parte, las diferencias entre el colonialismo y la colonialidad y, por otro lado, se analiza la emergencia del sintagma colonialidad del ser en el marco de las teorías de la colonialidad, las cuales se sitúan, como punto de partida, en la obra de Aníbal Quijano. La colonialidad del ser consiste en la infravaloración o inferiorización cultural de la vida humana (...) colonizada. La colonialidad del ser enuncia el despojo de la condición humana (des-humanización o sub-humanización) que padecieron los pueblos amerindios colonizados (siglo XVI-XVIII) y que, actualmente, continúan padecido los habitantes que constituyen el sur-global. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo ofrece razones iniciales para interpretar en forma dia-léctica las “pruebas de la existencia divina” que Descartes ofrece en sus Meditaciones III y V. Primero indico algunos precedentes entre los comentaristas contemporáneos y señalo cómo esa manera de abordar los problemas funda-mentales arranca en los clásicos griegos. Después muestro cómo un procedi-miento dialéctico podría resolver un conjunto de problemas que, en principio, incluye el tradicional “círculo cartesiano”. Por último, intento mostrar que no es impensable atribuirle a Descartes una (...) argumentación metafísica del tipo indicado; para ello, esgrimo un pequeño conjunto de argumentos textuales. Mi conclusión es que este tipo de interpretaciones merecen explorarse con mayor esmero.: This paper intends to sketch an initial reason for reading in a dialec-tical way the “proofs of God’s existence” in Descartes’ Meditations, III and V. I begin by indicating antecedents for this kind of interpretation among com-mentators, and show how this approach towards basic philosophical prob-lems can be traced to the Greek classics. I then try to explain how this ar-gumentative procedure can afford in principle a solution to the well-known riddle of the “Cartesian circle”, among other related issues. Finally, I discuss a small set of textual points and show that attributing a dialectical character to Descartes’ main metaphysical arguments should not be taken to be implausi-ble at all. I conclude that interpretations of this kind deserve a more careful exploration. (shrink)

"œLuis Villoro y el canon cartesiano de la evidencia"La lectura ortodoxa o canónica de los textos filosóficos cartesianos supone que el clásico cree haber hallado fundamentos intrí­nsecamente evidentes e irrebatibles para normar según ellos las pretensiones de conocimiento. Esta serí­a la única manera de resistirse al escepticismo extremo. El libro de Villoro sobre Descartes investiga cómo podrí­an satisfacerse rigurosamente estos postulados y formula una propuesta sustantiva que parece expresarse en ciertas teorí­as cartesianas. Sin embargo, éstas deben separarse de otras muchas (...) doctrinas dogmáticas presentes en el corpus, que Villoro señala y rechaza. En el trabajo se examina y desecha la pretensión de validez de la teorí­a que propugna Villoro, y apoyándose en su aguda crí­tica a Descartes, se argumenta en contra de la interpretación canónica en su conjunto."œLuis Villoro and the cartesian canon of evidence"Orthodox or canonical understanding of cartesian philosophy supposes that, as the only way to resist extreme scepticism, Descartes advocates for intrinsically indubitable grounds for knowledge claims. In his book on Descartes, Luis Villoro investigates how these desiderata could possibly be satisfied in a rigorous way. He concludes with a substantive proposal, which according to himself, is plausibly expressed by some of Descartes"™ theories. These must be strictly separated from other, merely dogmatic doctrines present in the corpus. In this essay, I first subject to scrutiny the validity claim of the theory advocated by Villoro, and in a 2nd. section, starting from Villoro"™s analysis, argue in general against the canonical understanding of Descartes. (shrink)

This paper aims to enhance security in IoT device networks through a visual tool that utilizes three projection techniques, including Beta Hebbian Learning (BHL), t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and ISOMAP, in order to facilitate the identification of network attacks by human experts. This work research begins with the creation of a testing environment with IoT devices and web clients, simulating attacks over Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for recording all relevant traffic information. The unsupervised algorithms chosen provide a set (...) of projections that enable human experts to visually identify most attacks in real-time, making it a powerful tool that can be implemented in IoT environments easily. (shrink)

Traz depoimentos dirigidos de filósofos brasileiros sobre temas clássicos e contemporâneos da filosofia, processos de formação intelectual e a vida cultural brasileira. Ao final, apresenta breve biografia do depoente e lista das suas principais publicações.

O presente artigo enfrenta a questão da distinção entre sentido e significado nas Investigações Filosóficas. Considerando a mudança radical na virada linguístico-pragmática ocorrida no pensamento de Wittgenstein, que passa a situar tanto o sentido quanto o significado no âmbito do uso que fazemos da linguagem, procura-se mostrar que distinguir as noções de sentido e de significado, nas Investigações Filosóficas, não somente é possível, mas também é de fundamental importância para uma mais ampla compreensão desses termos no pensamento do segundo Wittgenstein. (...) Por conseguinte, contrapõe-se a leitura atenta do parágrafo 556 das Investigações Filosóficas à interpretação tradicional, que não se preocupa em distinguir sentido de significado, desejando apontar e fundamentar tal proposta. (shrink)

La Psicología de la Sustentabilidad (PS) estudia las problemáticas hídricas considerando la relación entre disponibilidad per cápita y consumo de agua. A partir de conceptos tales como; densidad poblacional, infraestructura hídrica y provisión de agua plantea tres estilos de vida relativos al almacenamiento de agua, la reparación de fugas y el consumo hídrico. La PS advierte que las relaciones causales entre las problemáticas hídricas y los estilos de vida son relevantes si se considera el Desarrollo Local Sustentable más que regional (...) y global. A medida que las problemáticas hídricas se intensifican, procesos actitudinales y de austeridad prevalecen sobre el dispendio de agua. En contraste, las situaciones hídricas en equilibrio con el consumo residencial facilitan el dispendio. La discusión alusiva a las problemáticas hídricas y los estilos de vida permitirá construir un sistema tarifario de consumo y delimitar las políticas públicas que se requerirán en el marco de la crisis de abastecimiento y distribución que se espera en los próximos años. (shrink)

O presente trabalho insere-se na temática da filosofia do direito. Tem por objetivo propor elementos para contribuir com o repensar do direito a partir da metodologia dialética de pesquisa bibliográfica. Tendo como base, por um lado as reflexões filosóficas atinentes ao conceito de direito e de democracia, bem como suas interações recíprocas propostas por Jürgen Habermas. Perfaz-se, por outro lado, um cotejo com a análise materialista dialética que afirma a contribuição do direito para a continuidade e existência do sistema econômico, (...) realizada pelo filósofo György Lukács. (shrink)

Thomas d’Aquin défend, contre saint Augustin, la thèse selon laquelle l’homme peut enseigner sa propre science à quelqu’un d’autre. Sa théorie sur l’enseignement de la science est développée dans la Somme de théologie, I, q. 117, a. 1 et dans les Questions disputées sur la vérité, q. 11, a. 1. À la lumière de cette doctrine, la présente étude explique pourquoi saint Thomas admet la thèse aristotélicienne du livre I de la Métaphysique selon laquelle la marque distinctive de la science (...) est qu’elle peut être enseignée. On soutient que, selon Thomas, la science peut être enseignée, d’une part, à cause de son caractère dérivatif et, d’autre part, parce qu’elle est fondée sur des principes vrais, évidents et certains. (shrink)

José Antonio Valdivia Fuenzalida | Résumé : Pendant le xiiie siècle, plusieurs auteurs scolastiques ont adopté des théories aristotéliciennes pour expliquer la connaissance humaine. Ces théories supposent que l’homme est capable d’acquérir la science en se servant de ses forces naturelles. Notre âme est capable de saisir l’essence des choses en obtenant une connaissance certaine à leur propos. Pourtant, un bon nombre de ces auteurs estimaient que, même en admettant les théories mentionnées, on ne saurait se passer de (...) l’assistance de Dieu afin d’expliquer l’acquisition des connaissances scientifiques. Cet article s’interroge sur les raisons qui ont conduit lesdits auteurs à adopter une telle position. L’analyse de certains textes de saint Bonaventure permet de comprendre ce que la doctrine de l’illumination divine veut expliquer, à savoir : que nous pouvons obtenir de la certitude malgré le fait que les choses créées ne possèdent qu’une « nécessité conditionnelle ». En effet, même l’essence des choses créées n’aurait pas le degré minimum de nécessité qui est requis pour fonder la certitude absolue présupposée dans le concept médiéval de scientia. |: During the 13th century, several scholastic authors adopted Aristotelian theories to explain human knowledge. These theories assume that man is capable of acquiring science by using his natural powers. Our soul is able to grasp the essence of things by obtaining a knowledge that is certain about them. Yet, many of these authors believed that even admitting those theories, God’s assistance could not be dispensed with in order to explain the acquisition of scientific knowledge. This paper examines the reasons that led these authors to such a position. The analysis of several texts by St. Bonaventure allows one to understand what the doctrine of divine illumination aims to explain : namely that we can obtain certainty in spite of the fact that created things only possess a “conditional necessity”. Indeed, even the essence of created things would not have the minimum level of necessity that is required to be the foundation of the absolute certainty presupposed in the medieval concept of Scientia. (shrink)

Ce travail propose une analyse détaillée d’un argument de Pierre de Jean Olivi utilisé dans l’article 19 de son Impugnatio quorundam articulorum Arnaldi Galliardi (1282) contre une thèse professée par Thomas d’Aquin à propos de la connaissance que l’âme humaine a d’elle-même. Le texte d’Olivi cherche à prouver que l’homme peut connaître directement des réalités immatérielles, dont son âme. Le but de cette analyse est double. D’une part, il s’agit de mettre en évidence une difficulté suscitée par la théorie thomasienne (...) de la connaissance que l’âme humaine a d’elle-même, tout du moins selon la façon dont cette théorie apparaît dans les textes disponibles ; d’autre part, de comparer l’argument et la thèse olivienne à l’interprétation que certains thomistes ont élaborée à propos de la doctrine thomasienne. Cette comparaison révèle une similitude qui suscite un questionnement critique à propos de telles interprétations. (shrink)

The Mercy of God includes all His creation. The Divine Qualities refered to the Compassionate and the Merciful are reflected in the names Ar-Rahman and Ar-Rahim. The first one is an exclusive quality of God and it is refered to the supernatural Grace and the second one to the natural Grace. As for the servant of the Compassionate epitomises this name and is a mercy to all the world in general. 'Abd Ar-Rahim, the servant of the Merciful exemplifies the pious (...) that bestows his mercy particularly upon those with whom God is pleased. (shrink)

Empathy is an emotional response that may facilitate prosocial behavior and inhibit aggression by increasing empathic concern for others. But the vicarious experience of other’s feelings may also turn into personal distress when the person has poor regulation skills and holds stigmatizing beliefs. In thinking about the processes that may trigger the experience of personal distress or empathic concern, research on the influence of psychological flexibility and inflexibility on stigma is showing promising results. Both processes are assessed with the Acceptance (...) and Action Questionnaire–Stigma. The current study sought to carry out a validity study of a Spanish version of the AAQ-S with a sample of adolescents aged 11–17 years. The study included an expanded test of its predictive validity with measures at three times to evaluate the role of psychological flexibility and inflexibility as risk or protective variables for the development of personal distress and/or empathic concern in the stigmatizer. Statistical analyses confirmed a two-correlated-factor solution, the adequate reliability of both factors, and their construct and predictive validity in the expected direction. The stigmatizer’s inflexible reaction to their stigmatizing thoughts predicted the occurrence of personal distress, whereas the stigmatizer’s flexible reaction to their stigmatizing thoughts predicted the occurrence of empathic concern for others. These findings confirm the importance of considering the role of regulatory skills in the experience of empathic concern or personal distress in the presence of stigmatizing thoughts, with possible implications for the promotion of prosocial behavior and the reduction of aggressive behavior among adolescents. (shrink)

This study is an attempt to show that demonstration was conceived by medieval commentators as an instrument for advancing knowledge of the world. Although the theory of demonstration is not a “logic of discovery”, its specific aim would be to describe the characteristics that should have a discourse to be able to express the causal articulation of things belonging to the same genre. From the analysis of some texts by Thomas Aquinas on the distinction between knowledge propter quid and knowledge (...) quia, it will be shown that the causal articulation represents the very novelty which is supposed to be acquired by a demonstrative syllogism. This conclusion will be confirmed by the analysis of some texts of the al-Ghazālī’s Logica which seem to reveal presuppositions of the writings of Latin commentators like Thomas Aquinas. (shrink)

John Searle defiende el «realismo directo», el cual sostiene que el objeto directo de la percepción es la realidad extra-mental. En conformidad con esta teoría, no hay ningún tipo de entidad intermediaria entre el acto perceptivo y la cosa percibida, como una «representación», «semejanza» o «especie». De hecho, Searle desarrolla sistemáticamente una teoría de la percepción que despliega las posibilidades explicativas de la tesis mencionada. En el presente artículo, se comentan ciertos aspectos de esta con el propósito de compararlos con (...) teorías del conocimiento propuestas por pensadores medievales. Se intenta poner de manifiesto que la teoría de Searle no ofrece nada radicalmente nuevo y que cae en ciertos errores que pudo evitar de haber conocido los trabajos de la historiografía medieval que se ocupan de estos temas. Así, se reivindica la importancia de la historia de la filosofía. (shrink)

Bajo el presupuesto de que la gnoseología medieval es realista, este artículo examina una de sus características. A través del estudio de Tomás de Aquino Suma de Teología, I, q. 84, a. 1 y Enrique de Gante, Suma, a. 1, q. 1, se intenta mostrar cómo algunos problemas gnoseológicos son resueltos utilizando el argumento que asume que nuestras facultades cognitivas sirven para conocer la realidad tal cual es. Nos enfocamos especialmente en Enrique de Gante, por emplearlo para deslegitimar la pregunta (...) por la posibilidad del conocimiento. (shrink)

El ser humano precisa de la técnica para vivir y desarrollarse en todas sus dimensiones, biológicas, sociales y espirituales. La técnica, por su parte, cobra sentido cuando es puesta precisamente al servicio del desarrollo humano. Pero lo técnico ha ido desplegándose a lo largo de la historia en diversas modalidades: de la simple técnica hemos pasado a la tecnología, después a la tecnociencia, de ahí a la biotecnología y, en última instancia, a la antropotecnia. En los últimos años algunos pensadores (...) han propuesto emplear lo técnico sobre el propio ser humano, para transformarlo en un ser posthumano. Tanto Husserl como la escuela de Frankfurt habían denunciado ya la pérdida del sentido provocada por la absolutización de la razón instrumental. Nosotros detectamos que el riesgo del sinsentido se intensifica cuando lo técnico se aplica sin criterio, sin otra razón que la puramente instrumental, sobre el propio ser humano. Argumentamos que, si este proyecto antropotécnico se cumpliese, probablemente lo técnico mismo perdería su sentido y vería posiblemente debilitado su propio crecimiento. Entendemos que la respuesta, con todo, no ha de ir en la línea neoludita, sino en la línea de la actitud que Heidegger denominó serenidad. (shrink)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a fast-growing technology that connects everyday devices to the Internet, enabling wireless, low-consumption and low-cost communication and data exchange. IoT has revolutionized the way devices interact with each other and the internet. The more devices become connected, the greater the risk of security breaches. There is currently a need for new approaches to algorithms that can detect malware regardless of the size of the network and that can adapt to dynamic changes in the network. (...) Through the use of a multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithm, this paper proposes a novel algorithm for malware detection in IoT devices. The proposed algorithm is not strongly dependent on the size of the IoT network due to the that its training is adapted using time differences if the IoT network size is small or Monte Carlo otherwise. To validate the proposed algorithm in an environment as close to reality as possible, we proposed a scenario based on a real IoT network, where we tested different malware propagation models. Different simulations varying the number of agents and nodes in the IoT network have been developed. The result of these simulations proves the efficiency and adaptability of the proposed algorithm in detecting malware, regardless of the malware propagation model. (shrink)

Batteries are a fundamental storage component due to its various applications in mobility, renewable energies and consumer electronics among others. Regardless of the battery typology, one key variable from a user’s perspective is the remaining energy in the battery. It is usually presented as the percentage of remaining energy compared to the total energy that can be stored and is labeled State Of Charge (SOC). This work addresses the development of a hybrid model based on a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) (...) power cell, due to its broad implementation. The proposed model calculates the SOC, by means of voltage and electric current as inputs and the latter as the output. Therefore, four models based on k-Means, Agglomerative Clustering, Gaussian Mixture and Spectral Clustering techniques have been tested in order to obtain an optimal solution. (shrink)

Inspirados na leitura gestáltica que Merleau-Ponty fez de Husserl, propomos uma nova formatação para o diagrama husserliano, segundo a qual, em torno de cada evento atual, partiriam três orientações distintas e simultâneas: i) na direção dos codados retidos, ii) na direção do horizonte de idealidade, iii) e na direção do horizonte de idealidade refletida. Não pensamos que haja, entre essas três orientações, qualquer eventual sequencia ou ordenamento serial, porquanto Merleau-Ponty admite uma relação expressiva entre os eventos entre si. Com essa (...) nova formatação, tentamos evitar aquilo que, na avaliação de Merleau-Ponty, corresponde ao “engano de Husserl”, precisamente: “ter descrito o encaixamento a partir de um Präsensfeld [campo de presença] considerado como se não tivesse espessura, como consciência imanente”1. (shrink)

Nosso propósito é buscar apresentar algumas possibilidades de reflexão que permitam articular o homem, sua natureza, e o advento das novas tecnologias. Ora, as novas tecnologias – a biotecnologia, a genética, a nanotecnologia e as ciências informacionais – parecem convergir no sentido de forçar a se repensar a própria natureza humana tomando-a também como uma espécie de artefato. Procuraremos estabelecer, por fim, algumas pistas reflexivas sobre os objetos e artefatos tecnológicos, principalmente em função de sua natureza protética, como mediadores políticos (...) e éticos. (shrink)

Judo is a multifactorial sport where many variables or key performance indicators such as force-velocity profile, bioenergetic capacity, technical and tactical skills, and cognitive and emotional competence play a role and influence the final result. While there have been many academic studies of these variables, usually in isolation, none have examined KPIs holistically or analyzed their impact on strategic performance. The main objective of the present study, therefore, is to apply a novel and easily replicable methodology to identify and prioritize (...) the main KPIs affecting performance in professional judo. Such a methodology was applied to the High-Performance Judo Centre of Valencia, using a multi-criteria decision aid technique: the analytic network process. The ANP is used to identify and quantify cause and effect relationships not only between KPIs but also between KPIs and performance objectives. Further, the ANP offers effective results when there is a lack of historical KPI data, because it is based on experts' opinions and judgments. A judo expert group comprising elite judo coaches and half-lightweight male judokas applied the methodology to discriminate between the characteristics required when aiming to reach high-level strategic objectives. The JEG, which consisted of five elite judokas, national and international champions, and three Olympic coaches—including a former European champion and silver medalist in a world championship—provided high added value to the study. The main findings were that the KPIs that made the most difference were mostly psychological, specifically motivation, stress, and team cohesion. Of these, motivation was by far the most important KPI for success in our case study, so judokas should make sure that they analyze it properly. Motivation is usually intrinsic to the competitor and should be maintained at a high level, not only during tournaments but also during daily training and lifestyle activities. Physical and other specific forms of training, as well as lifestyle KPIs, are very important for the elite competitor but are not sufficient to reach high-level objectives. The most important of these KPIs were Kumi-Kata, dual career, focus and concentration level, scouting, nutrition, and basic technique. Power and strength were the most important physical KPIs. In general, these are essential for meeting strategic objectives, but they do not make the crucial difference. This suggests that professional psychological support should be provided in daily training and that international team composition and internships should be fostered. (shrink)

¿Qué hacer cuando el matrimonio quiere tener un hijo y éste tarda en venir, o simplemente no viene? La naprotecnología, como estudio médico de la fertilidad masculina y femenina, ofrece una respuesta válida para afrontar esta situación de infertilidad/esterilidad. Seguimos como camino el método triangular propuesto por Elio Sgreccia: ver los datos científicos para realizar un análisis antropológico y una valoración ética que oriente el actuar concreto.La naprotecnología, como ciencia médica, constituye un abordaje médico y científico que busca resolver los (...) trastornos reproductivos y ginecológicos del varón y de la mujer, identificando las principales causas que afectan a la verdadera salud reproductiva. A partir de este diagnóstico, busca corregir las posibles alteraciones y restaurar la salud y fertilidad. Este modo de afrontar la infertilidad/esterilidad se ilustra con varios casos clínicos y los resultados obtenidos en España durante los años 2015 a 2021. A continuación, realizamos un análisis antropológico del modo de afrontar la infertilidad, analizando el sujeto que la padece: ¿Quién es el ser humano? ¿Cómo es su sexualidad? ¿En qué entorno se realiza primordialmente la procreación? Con esta base esbozamos un juicio ético ante este modo de afrontar los problemas de infertilidad/esterilidad. (shrink)

Este artículo propone una discusión sobre la intersección entre la filosofía francesa contemporánea y el psicoanálisis, específicamente enfocada en el tema de la “singularidad” en psicoanálisis, destacando autores como Politzer, Foucault y, especialmente, Merleau-Ponty. Se trata de pensar de qué manera estos autores buscan encauzar el tema de la singularidad en Freud. El objetivo es determinar cómo se puede definir la singularidad con la que se encontró Freud en su trabajo clínico de escucha a los pacientes y en qué sentido (...) esta singularidad no se reduce a las formulaciones teóricas posteriormente desarrolladas por el psicoanalista en los términos de un sistema psíquico – y a las que Politzer denominó de abstractas. Se tiene en cuenta, muy especialmente, los esfuerzos de Merleau-Ponty de pensar la noción freudiana de singularidad en los términos de una nueva teoría, que se volvió conocida como teoría de la otredad, en la que el filósofo aproxima la singularidad a la noción de pulsión de muerte, anticipando lo que años más tarde Lacan llamaría “extimidad”. De donde se sigue la pregunta rectora de esta investigación: ¿qué es la singularidad en la clínica psicoanalítica y en qué sentido es posible que uno la escuche del otro sin someterla a una abstracción o saber impuesto como dispositivo? (shrink)

Communication campaigns often highlight environmental progress to encourage further pro-environmental behaviour. Consequently, the drop in carbon emissions caused by the COVID-19 restrictions has been framed as a positive environmental outcome of the pandemic. We conducted an experimental study with a US-representative sample (N = 500) to show that raising awareness of emissions reduction has the contrary effect: an increase in moral self-concept facilitated a negative spillover, namely, it reduced climate-friendly behavioural intentions. Normative influence was able to prevent this negative spillover (...) because activating environmental norms inhibited compensatory feelings. Besides, awareness of recent emissions reduction was less likely to increase the moral self-concept of participants with a strong environmental self-identity. Our findings demonstrate that environmental progress increases moral self-concept which, in turn, could cause a negative spillover (i.e., reduce climate-friendly low-carbon behaviour and increase climate-harmful high-carbon behaviour). Normative influences and environmental self-identity can inhibit this negative spillover. (shrink)

Valerie Plumwood introduced in "Some false laws of logic" a series of arguments on how the rules Exported Syllogism, Disjunctive Syllogism, Commutation, and Exportation are not acceptable. Based on this we define the class of Plumwood algebras - logical matrices that do not verify any of these theses. Afterwards we provide conditional variants of the characteristic matrix of the logic RM3 that are also Plumwood algebras. These matrices are given an axiomatization based on First Degree Entailment and are endowed with (...) Belnap-Dunn Semantics. Finally we provide results of Soundness and Completeness in the strong sense for each of the defined variants. (shrink)

RESUMO Trata o presente artigo de um estudo sobre o modo como Merleau-Ponty busca extrair, da teoria freudiana dos sonhos, consequências ontológicas concernentes à vinculação expressiva entre as diferentes dimensões da experiência onírica, especificamente sobre o papel dos restos diurnos na descarga da libido, na realização do simbolismo ou, o que é a mesma coisa, na conversão do simbolismo em algo narrativo e sensível, especificamente afetivo. Conforme se mostrará, para Merleau-Ponty, seja no sonho sonhado seja no sonho relatado podemos verificar, (...) entre a dimensão imaginária introduzida pelos restos diurnos, por um lado, e a dimensão simbólica expressa como significante esquecido, por outro; uma sorte de unidade sem coincidência, uma indivisão meramente expressiva. A pergunta deste artigo é ‒ do ponto de vista ontológico ‒ de que modo a indivisão expressiva entre o sonhado e o relatado dispensa o recurso à ideia de uma interioridade transparente? ABSTRACT This article deals with a study on how Merleau-Ponty seeks to extract, from Freud’s theory of dreams, ontological consequences concerning the expressive link between the different dimensions of the dream experience, specifically on the role of daytime remains in the discharge of libido, in realization of symbolism or, what is the same thing, in the conversion of symbolism into something narrative and sensitive, specifically affective. As it will be shown, for Merleau-Ponty, whether in the dreamed dream or in the reported dream, we can verify between the imaginary dimension introduced by the daytime remains, on the one hand; and the symbolic dimension expressed as a forgotten signifier, on the other; a sort of unity without coincidence, a merely expressive indivisibility. The question of this article is - from an ontological point of view - how does the expressive division between the dreamed and the reported dispense the recourse to the idea of a transparent interiority? (shrink)

In this article, my objective is to confront a structural reading with an ontological reading concerning the genesis and clinical interpretation of dreams, regarding the formal operators who guide both readings, highlighting their differences. Beyond the “symbolic operator” - tasked with explaining the formation of unconscious desires that the dream would fulfill - it is my purpose to discuss the difference how - in each reading - the “real operator” is employed. In both, the real is pointed out as what (...) would explain the emergence of anguish before which the dream would find a limit, leading the dreamer to awake. Therefore, according to each of the readings, the real concerns very different occurrences. And the question I intend to answer in this article is: how does each of these ways of understanding the real affect the comprehension of what anguish is in the dream field? In what sense, for Merleau-Ponty, can the dream be understood as a surreal passage? (shrink)

In this article I present and discuss a reading hypothesis, according to which, with the purpose of thinking about the genesis of meaning in the lived experience without needing, for that, to resort to the reflexive transparency expedient ensured by the idea of a pure self, Merleau-Ponty promotes a shift in the way of employing the Gestalt notion, which starts to be read from the unconscious drive Freudian theory. Interpreted from psychoanalysis, however, Gestalt's notion would no longer address the lived (...) from a descriptive point of view and would assume a dynamic point of view, which Merleau-Ponty (1964a, p. 165) will call ontological, which, in turn, it will influence the Merleau-Ponty appropriation of psychoanalysis. Beyond anthropology, psychoanalysis, as a gestalt (or ontological) reading of the way the lived is articulated, would become a form of philosophy (MERLEAU-PONTY, 1964a, p. 323), the presentation of Being as a process of differentiation between incarnated signifiers, which would configure a “primary symbolism”. And my greatest interest, with this hypothesis, is to measure to what extent, with this approaching strategy between gestalt and psychoanalytic operators, Merleau-Ponty manages to solve a problem that he himself faced in his way of understanding how it is possible to have singularity in a context of production of spontaneous and generic meanings wholes. This means asking: in what sense the notion of gestalt whole clarifies what is the intimacy that, for example, psychoanalysis believes it can hear from the people? (shrink)